soul: may be preferred when emphasis is on the entity as having functions, responsibilities, aspects, or destiny: praying for the ~s of the dead; or when the emphasis is on relation or connection to a material entity to which it gives life or power: set out to save the ~ of the nation.    soul的两个意思接近，都翻译为魂，使用时不必区分


spirit: may be chosen when the stress is upon the quality, the constitution, or the activity of the entity: a man fervent in ~; or it may suggest an antithesis to something material: enforced the ~ rather than the letter of the law。   letter字句、字面


soul有两个意思: 1、魂: 指有功能有责任有体现(aspect外表)有归宿(命运destiny常表示最终归宿)的实体 2、魂: 给物质赋予生命和力量的实体，spirit也有两个意思: 1、灵: 使人有属性(quality)有体魄(constitution)有行动的实体 2) 精神: 和物质相对


记忆方法: 1) 请选择 A: spirit或B: soul

      1. he called on the study of the "______ of the 20th CPC National Congress".他号召学习二十大精神

      2. innovation is the ____ of a nation's progress.创新是民族进步之魂

      3. the ____ is willing, but the flesh is weak. 灵是愿意的，但身体(或肉体)是软弱的（显然是和物质(body身体属于物质)相对，所以用spirit灵，比喻高尚的灵魂要遭受物质的诱惑）

      答案: 1. A  2. B  3. A

         2) 灵魂的意思是有别于身体的非物质实体mean an immaterial entity distinguishable from the body.   entity实体、独立存在的个体，如entity list实体清单